ANALYSIS OF BALL CONTACT ANGLE AND JUMP HEIGHT BIOMECHANICS IN VOLLEYBALL SMASH MOVEMENTS AMONG SPORTS EDUCATION STUDENTS
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the biomechanics of the volleyball smash (spike), focusing on ball contact angle and jump height among Sports Education students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur (UMKT). The smash is a key attacking technique consisting of run-up, take-off, hit, and landing phases. This research used a quantitative descriptive method involving three active male students representing different training experience levels (<1 year, 2 years, and 3 years). Video recordings at 1080p 60 FPS were processed using Kinovea software (version 24.1.1) to measure jump height parameters and ball contact angle relative to a standard 243 cm net height. The results showed mean values for standing height (173 cm), height before jump (148.40 cm), height after jump at contact (220.79 cm), net jump height (72.39 cm), and ball contact angle (164.23°). While net jump height was relatively similar across subjects (71.35 cm–73.43 cm), students with longer training experience achieved significantly higher contact reach points (238.02 cm) and more optimal control. Training experience enhances neuromuscular coordination and technical efficiency in smash execution.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Chandra, B., & Mariati, S. (2020). Daya ledak otot tungkai dan kelentukan otot pinggang memberikan kontribusi terhadap kemampuan smash bolavoli. Jurnal Patriot, 2(1), 96-110. https://doi.org/10.24036/patriot.v2i1.526
Dos’ Santos, T., Thomas, C., Comfort, P., & Jones, P. A. (2018). The effect of angle and velocity on change of direction biomechanics: an angle-velocity trade-off. Sports Medicine, 48(10), 2235-2253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0968-3
Fadilah, A., & Raharja, A. T. (2025). Analisis jarak shooting pada pertandingan final futsal putra pon XXI aceh-sumut 2024. Journal of Physical Activity and Sports (JPAS), 6(2), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.53869/jpas.v6i2.345
Fuchs, P. X., Menzel, H. J. K., Guidotti, F., Bell, J., Von Duvillard, S. P., & Wagner, H. (2019). Spike jump biomechanics in male versus female elite volleyball players. Journal of sports sciences, 37(21), 2411-2419. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1639437
Garcia, S., Delattre, N., Berton, E., Divrechy, G., & Rao, G. (2022). Comparison of landing kinematics and kinetics between experienced and novice volleyball players during block and spike jumps. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 14(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00496-0
Heriansyah, H., Supere, A., Saman, A., & Marsuna, M. (2025). Explosive power tungkai sebagai determinan performa jump service pada permainan bola voli. Jurnal Pendidikan Olahraga, 15(6), 495–502. https://doi.org/10.37630/jpo.v15i6.3721
Ismael, A. T. (2024). Analysis of the relationship between certain biokinematic and goniometric variables of the linear smash with explosive force upwards, forwards, and in volleyball shooting. Ascarya: Journal of Islamic Science, Culture, and Social Studies, 4(1), 55-65. https://doi.org/10.53754/iscs.v4i1.667
Jafar, M., Rinaldy, A., & Yunus, M. (2023). Improving student motor skills through a structured physical training program. Journal of Advances in Sports and Physical Education, 6(5), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.36348/jaspe.2023.v06i05.003
Kumar, Rakesh and Kumar, Dr. Amar, Analysis of Kinematic and Anthropometric Variables of the Spike Execution Technique of Volleyball (November 1, 2020). International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Volume-7, Issue-4 (July 2020).
Kuryanto, M. S., Basri, M. H., & Rahman, F. A. (2024). Analisis biomekanik lompatan vertikal dalam gerakan smash bola voli. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Jasmani dan Kesehatan Mental Peserta Didik, 567–576.
Muñoz-González, L., Pfitzner, B., Russo, M., Carnerero-Cano, J., & Lupu, E. C. (2019). Poisoning attacks with generative adversarial nets. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.07773.https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1906.07773
Nishimura, S., Kinomura, Y., Oshima, Y., Kataoka, H., Iida, S., & Yokozawa, S. (2023). Influence of the step number of the approach run on the jumping kinematics in volleyball spike jumps. Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology, 4(1), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.9741/2766-2187.1074
Oliveira, L. D. S., Moura, T. B. M. A., Rodacki, A. L. F., Tilp, M., & Okazaki, V. H. A. (2020). A systematic review of volleyball spike kinematics: Implications for practice and research. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(2), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954119899881
Pradana, D. L., & Darmanto, F. (2025). Analysis of basic volleyball smash technique skills in extracurricular courses at state senior high school 1 kertek wonosobo. COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga, 17(2), 1486-1495. https://doi.org/10.26858/cpjok.v17i2.134
Proja, S. H., Romadhoni, W. N., Nasuka, N., Wicaksono, A., Candra, A. R. D., & Priambodo, E. N. (2023). Leg power, arm strength, and smash accuracy in female volleyball athletes: A correlational study. Proceedings of International Conference on Physical Education, Health, and Sports, 3, 453-462. https://doi.org/10.15294/icophs.v3i1.2698
Pueo, B., Jimenez-Olmedo, J. M., & Penichet-Tomas, A. (2020). Accuracy and reliability of Kinovea motion analysis software for sports performance. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 15(3), 580-591. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113144
Puig-Diví, A., Escalona-Marfil, C., Padullés-Riu, J. M., Busquets, A., Padullés-Chando, X., & Marcos-Ruiz, D. (2019). Validity and reliability of the Kinovea program in obtaining angles and distances using coordinates in 4 perspectives. PloS One, 14(6), e0216448. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216448
Sahputra, W., Supriyanto, S., & Febrianti, M. (2021). Analysis of down passing skills in games volleyball. Hanoman Journal: Physical Education and Sport, 2(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.37638/hanoman.v2i1.178
Situmorang, V. T., & Raharja, A. T. (2025). Biomechanical study of smash movement technique in volleyball: On the initial step movement of smash in sports education students of UMKT. Journal of Educational Sciences, 9(3), 1047-1054. https://doi.org/10.31258/jes.9.3.p.1047-1054
Wahyudi, D. (2023). Analisis kemampuan smash pada pemain bola voli donorejo kota jambi (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Jambi).
Widiantari, N. L. G., Astrawan, I. P., Widhiyanti, K. A. T., Kresnayadi, I. P. E., Indrawathi, N. L. P., & Bagia, I. M. (2025). Analisis kinematika jump smash pada olahraga bolavoli dengan pendekatan dua dimensi gerak. SPRINTER: Jurnal Ilmu Olahraga, 6(3), 795-800. https://doi.org/10.46838/spr.v6i3.882
Widodo, P., & Fadloli, A. (2025). Hubungan daya ledak otot tungkai dan kekuatan lengan terhadap akurasi smash bola voli putra MTs Sultan Agung Srati tahun 2024/2025. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Dan Riset Pendidikan, 4(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.31004/jerkin.v4i1.1544
Zahálka, F., Malý, T., Malá, L., Ejem, M., & Zawartka, M. (2017). Kinematic analysis of volleyball attack in the net center with various types of take-off. Journal of Human Kinetics, 58, 261. https://doi:10.1515/hukin-2017-0115