Journal of Physical Activity and Sports (JPAS)

CORE SKILLS IN SOCCER: A STUDY OF BASIC DRIBBLING, PASSING, AND SHOOTING TECHNIQUES IN YOUTH PLAYERS

Toktong Parulian — 2026-05-11

This study aimed to analyze the core soccer skills consisting of dribbling, passing, and shooting among youth players. The study employed a quantitative approach with a descriptive research design. The research subjects consisted of 30 youth soccer players aged 10–12 years who participated in a soccer development program. Data collection was conducted using basic soccer skill tests, including dribbling, passing, and shooting assessments. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, frequencies, and percentages. The results showed that the players’ dribbling ability was categorized as good, with an average score of 15.43 seconds. Passing ability obtained an average score of 12.37 and was also classified as good. Meanwhile, shooting ability achieved an average score of 8.33 and was categorized as good to moderate. Players aged 12 years demonstrated better technical performance than players aged 10 years, particularly in dribbling speed, passing accuracy, and shooting effectiveness. The findings indicated that the development of basic soccer technical skills was influenced by age, training experience, motor coordination, and the quality of training programs. This study emphasizes the importance of systematic, repetitive, and age-appropriate basic technical training to improve the performance of youth soccer players. The findings may serve as a reference for coaches in designing more effective and structured soccer technical training programs.

PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS FOR SPORTS INJURY RECOVERY: A HYBRID SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Afif Khoirul Hidayat — 2026-06-09

Introduction: Psychological interventions have become integral to the rehabilitation process for athletes recovering from sports injuries. By addressing the psychological barriers that athletes face during rehabilitation, these strategies promote physical recovery and facilitate athletes' triumphant return to their sport with greater confidence and self-efficacy. Objective: This study explores the role of psychological interventions in sports injury recovery and highlights their integration into recovery protocols. Methodology: This study employs a hybrid approach combining a systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis to explore psychological interventions for sports injury recovery. The SLR follows the PRISMA guidelines, synthesizing existing research published until January 26, 2026, while the bibliometric analysis, conducted using VOSviewer, provides a quantitative assessment of the research landscape. The study focuses on peer-reviewed English-language articles published on open-access platforms, mapping key themes, trends, and authors in the field. Results: The systematic review and bibliometric analysis identified six key psychological interventions for sports injury recovery: Deep Breathing, Goal Setting, Imagery, Relaxation, Self-Talk, and Social Support. These interventions are integral in reducing pain, anxiety, and negative emotional responses, enhancing athletes' adherence to rehabilitation programs. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of integrating psychological interventions into the rehabilitation process to optimize both mental and physical recovery outcomes.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE SPORT EDUCATION MODEL ON COLLEGE STUDENTS' SOCCER GAMEPLAY PROFICIENCY AND INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE

M. Said Zainuddin — 2026-06-09

Conventional collegiate soccer instruction often overemphasizes the mastery of isolated technical skills, thereby neglecting students' tactical understanding of gameplay and social domain development. This quasi-experimental study aims to examine the effect of the Sport Education Model (SEM) on students' soccer gameplay proficiency and interpersonal competence. The study employed a Pretest-Posttest Non-Equivalent Control Group Design involving college students divided into an experimental group (SEM-based instruction with a 16-session intervention phase) and a control group (conventional instruction). Soccer gameplay proficiency was measured using the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) observation sheet, while interpersonal competence was evaluated through a validated questionnaire scale. Inferential analysis results indicate that students who participated in SEM-based instruction experienced a significant increase in gameplay proficiency particularly in decision-making and skill execution within authentic game situations while simultaneously demonstrating superior development in interpersonal competence regarding team communication, conflict resolution, and social responsibility compared to the control group. The implications of this study confirm that restructuring sports pedagogy through the authentic competitive climate and stable team affiliation inherent in SEM can effectively bridge the fulfillment of both motor and psychosocial learning outcomes in higher education.

MANAGEMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH (PJOK) INSTRUCTION BASED ON CHARACTER EDUCATION AND A DIFFERENTIATED APPROACH IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

Satrio Maulana — 2026-06-26

This study aims to describe the experiences of physical education teachers in dealing with situational challenges, managing character development, and systematically evaluating teaching failures. A qualitative approach using a phenomenological study design was employed in this research. The participant was a physical education teacher at SD IT Iskandar Muda, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field notes, and documentation from daily teaching journals. Data analysis followed Colaizzi’s phenomenological procedures. The results indicate that the teacher’s most challenging experience was fostering character development, not merely physical skills. Adapting to situational constraints such as weather changes and transition times required contingency plans and high flexibility. The most effective learning model is a combination of TPSR, peer tutoring, drills, and differentiation. Evaluating failures through daily journals was proven to improve learning quality continuously. This study concludes that the success of Physical Education and Health (PJOK) learning is not only measured by mastery of movement but also by students’ independence and teachers’ ability to reflect on failures. The implications of this study are the need for training in transition class management and the development of failure reflection journals for physical education teachers.

OPTIMIZING WARM-UP STRATEGIES: COMBINING MYOFASCIAL RELEASE AND DYNAMIC STRETCHING IN COLLEGE SOCCER

M. Said Zainuddin — 2026-06-29

Optimizing pre-exercise routines is critical for enhancing athletic performance in higher education sports programs. This study investigated the acute effects of three different warm-up protocols—self-myofascial release via foam rolling (SMR), dynamic stretching (DS), and a combined SMR+DS protocol—on functional performance parameters in university soccer players. Using a randomized crossover experimental design, 60 male sports science students from Universitas Negeri Makassar underwent three testing sessions separated by a 48-hour washout period from February to April. Performance metrics evaluated included flexibility (sit-and-reach), explosive power (vertical jump), speed (20-meter sprint), and agility (Illinois agility test). Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the combined SMR+DS protocol yielded the highest significant improvements in agility (p < 0.05) and speed (p < 0.05) compared to standalone interventions. While SMR significantly enhanced flexibility without compromising vertical jump height, the integration of DS following myofascial release provided a synergetic potentiation effect on neuromuscular performance. These findings demonstrate that a sequential combination of SMR and dynamic stretching optimizes acute functional performance. Consequently, coaches and educators should integrate combined warm-up strategies into higher education soccer curricula to maximize explosive power and mechanical efficiency during high-intensity intermittent activities.

IMPROVING LEARNING OUTCOMES IN BACKBEND FLOOR GYMNASTICS THROUGH INTERACTIVE TEACHING FOR YEAR XI TKI STUDENTS AT THE SMK YAYASAN PHARMASI

Wahyu Arbanisa — 2026-07-14

The persistently low levels of student activity, self-confidence, and learning outcomes in the floor exercise backbend have become a challenge in Physical Education and Health (PJOK) lessons for Year XI TKI students at SMK Yayasan Pharmasi. Most students were still reluctant to perform the backbend, lacked self-confidence, and had not yet mastered the correct movement technique. This study aimed to improve students’ activity, self-confidence, and learning outcomes through interactive learning. The study employed Kurt Lewin’s Classroom Action Research (CAR) model, comprising the stages of planning, action, observation, and reflection. The research was conducted over two cycles involving 28 students. Data were collected through observation, performance assessment, documentation, and field notes. The results showed that student activity increased from 68% in Cycle I to 94% in Cycle II, whilst self-confidence increased from 58% to 90%. Students’ mean scores also improved from 81.50 to 93.18, and learning mastery increased from 71.43% to 100%. These improvements occurred after learning was conducted using videos, Zep Quiz, peer tutors, small-group exercises, and ball-based assistance. The research findings indicate that interactive learning plays a significant role in enhancing students’ engagement, self-confidence and ability to perform the backbend movement. Interactive learning can serve as an effective alternative for improving learning outcomes in Physical Education, particularly in the area of floor gymnastics involving the backbend movement.

THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY IN IMPROVING THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF SAMBO ATHLETES IN KEDIRI REGENCY

Yayang Yayang — 2026-07-16

An athlete’s performance is not only determined by physical ability and technique but is also influenced by psychological factors, one of which is academic self-efficacy. Student-athletes are expected to balance their academic and athletic activities, so they need strong self-confidence to cope with these various demands. This study aims to analyse the role of academic self efficacy in the performance of Sambo athletes in Kediri Regency, identify the factors that influence it, and describe its implementation in preparation for the 9th East Java Provincial Sports Week (PORPROV) in 2025. The study employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive design. The research informants consist of athletes, coaches, sports association officials, and athletes’ parents, who were selected through purposive sampling. Research data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observation, and documentation, and were then analysed using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that academic self-efficacy serves as a psychological stabilizer, where high efficacy levels directly correlate with improved time-management strategies and emotional resilience under competitive pressure. Furthermore, parental involvement and vicarious experiences through veteran athletes emerged as the primary external drivers for sustaining this efficacy during the high intensity preparation for the 2025 PORPROV. The development of academic self-efficacy is influenced by experiences of success, social support, vicarious experiences, and the ability to manage emotional states. Therefore, fostering academic self-efficacy should be an integral part of athlete development programs to support the achievement of optimal and sustainable performance.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL CONDITION, CONCENTRATION, AND ANXIETY IN NUSANTARA PETANQUE CLUB KEDIRI ATHLETES

Lavio Crhistianto — 2026-07-22

This research is motivated by the importance of physical condition in petanque, which is thought to be related to athletes' concentration and anxiety levels during matches. This study aims to determine the levels of physical condition, concentration, and anxiety, and to examine the relationship between physical condition and concentration and anxiety in athletes from the Nusantara Petanque Club Kediri. The study used a quantitative approach with a correlational design. The study participants consisted of 15 active petanque athletes from the Nusantara Petanque Club Kediri who participated in a regular training program, with a total sampling technique. Physical condition data were obtained through tests of arm muscle strength, arm muscle power, grip strength, wrist flexibility, balance, and eye hand coordination. Concentration was measured using the Grid Concentration Test, while anxiety was measured using the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). Data analysis used the Pearson Product Moment correlation test. The results showed a significant positive relationship between physical condition and concentration (r = 0.678; p = 0.005) and a significant negative relationship between physical condition and anxiety (r = -0.585; p = 0.022). These findings indicate that athletes in better physical condition tend to have higher levels of concentration and lower levels of anxiety. Thus, physical condition shows a significant relationship with concentration and anxiety in athletes from the Nusantara Petanque Club Kediri without indicating a causal relationship.

ANALYSIS OF DEEP LEARNING IMPLEMENTATION IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORT, AND HEALTH AT GRADE X SMAN 10 SEMARANG

Ahmad Husnul Mubarok — 2026-08-10

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the deep learning model in Physical Education, Sport, and Health (PJOK) learning at grade X SMAN 10 Semarang. The research employed a quantitative descriptive design with purposive sampling involving 34 students. The research instrument consisted of a 46-item questionnaire developed based on eight dimensions of deep learning using a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, normality test, homogeneity test, and One-Sample T-Test with SPSS version 25. The results showed that the implementation of deep learning was in the high category with a mean score of 193.03 out of a maximum score of 230. The highest dimension was character and learning independence, while higher-order thinking skills and supportive learning environment were in the moderate category. Hypothesis testing results showed a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05 and a t-value of 15.247 > t-table of 1.692, indicating that deep learning implementation had a significant positive effect on the PJOK learning process. This study concludes that the application of deep learning is able to improve student engagement, independence, collaboration, and meaningful learning experiences, although improvements are still needed in higher-order thinking skills and supportive learning environments.

THE ROLE OF THE PATEAN SUBDISTRICT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS WORKING GROUP IN EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT

Yofan Andana — 2026-08-16

This study aims to analyze the role of the Physical Education Teachers’ Working Group (KKG) in elementary schools in Patean Subdistrict in the development of Physical Education instruction. The issue examined is the suboptimal utilization of the KKG as a professional forum for enhancing teacher competence and promoting innovation in Physical Education instruction. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach with purposive sampling involving seven informants, consisting of the chairperson, executive members, and members of the KKG. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation and were analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Data validity was ensured through triangulation and member checking. The results indicate that the KKG serves as a source of inspiration, a model, a motivator, a catalyst, and an evaluator in the development of learning. The KKG provides a platform for teacher collaboration to share experiences, develop instructional materials, enhance professional competence, and conduct periodic evaluations of learning. The constraints identified include limited time, teachers’ administrative workload, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, and suboptimal member participation. This study highlights the importance of strengthening KKG programs and providing continuous support so that the KKG can function more effectively as a professional learning community that contributes to improving the quality of Physical Education instruction in elementary schools.

THE EFFECTS OF HIIT AND TABATA CIRCUIT TRAINING ON THE ENDURANCE OF ATHLETES AT PION MAS SCHOOL GROBOGAN SOCCER ACADEMY

Nadhif Fauzan Adi Candra — 2026-08-18

This study aims to analyse the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Tabata Circuit Training on the endurance of athletes at the Pion Mas Soccer School (SSB) in Grobogan Regency and to compare the effectiveness of these two training methods. The study employed a quantitative approach using an experimental method with a True Experimental design in the form of a pretest–posttest control group design. The sample consisted of 20 male athletes aged 12–15 years, divided into two groups: 10 athletes in the HIIT group and 10 athletes in the Tabata Circuit Training group. The Multistage Fitness Test (MFT) was used to measure VO?max capacity. Data analysis included normality tests, homogeneity tests, paired-sample t-tests, and independent-sample t-tests. The results showed that both training methods had a significant effect on improving the athletes’ endurance (p < 0.05). The HIIT group showed a greater increase in VO?max compared to the Tabata Circuit Training group. However, the results of the independent-samples t-test showed no significant difference between the two methods (p = 0.058). Thus, both HIIT and Tabata Circuit Training are equally effective in improving the endurance of soccer players.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF EXPLOSIVE POWER OF ARM MUSCLES AND EXPLOSIVE POWER OF LEG MUSCLES TO THE ACCURACY OF SMASHES OF MEN'S VOLLEYBALL ATHLETES FROM THE MANGGILANG CLUB

Gina Gustina — 2026-08-25

Smash accuracy is one of the main indicators of successful attacks in volleyball. Successful smashing is not only determined by technical mastery but also influenced by physical condition, particularly arm and leg muscle explosiveness. Although both physical components are believed to play a crucial role in smash performance, empirical evidence regarding their individual contributions, or their simultaneous contribution to smash accuracy in club-level volleyball athletes, is limited. This study aims to analyze the contribution of arm and leg muscle explosiveness, both partially and simultaneously, to smash accuracy in male volleyball athletes from the Manggilang Club. This study used a quantitative research design with a correlational approach. The sample consisted of 16 male volleyball athletes aged 19-24 who actively participated in the training program at the Manggilang Club and were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Arm muscle explosiveness was measured using the One-Hand Medicine Ball Throw Test, leg muscle explosiveness was measured using the Vertical Jump Test, and smash accuracy was measured using the Volleyball Smash Accuracy Test. Prior to hypothesis testing, normality was tested using the Liliefors test. The relationship analysis used Pearson Product-Moment correlation, while the joint contribution of the two independent variables was analyzed using multiple correlation at a 5% significance level. The results showed that arm muscle explosiveness had a positive and significant relationship with smash accuracy (r = 0.558; p < 0.05), contributing 31.1%. Leg muscle explosiveness also had a positive and significant relationship with smash accuracy (r = 0.536; p < 0.05), contributing 28.7%. Simultaneously, arm muscle explosiveness and leg muscle explosiveness had a strong and significant relationship with smash accuracy (R = 0.733; p < 0.05), contributing 53.7% of the variation in athletes' smash accuracy. Arm muscle explosiveness and leg muscle explosiveness are components of physical condition that contribute significantly to smash accuracy in men's volleyball athletes. The better the explosive ability in these two muscle groups, the higher the level of smash accuracy an athlete can achieve. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for coaches to design training programs that integrate the development of explosive arm and leg muscle power through exercises such as medicine ball throws, plyometric training, and vertical jump exercises. This training approach is expected to improve smash accuracy, attack effectiveness, and athlete performance in match situations.

CIRCUIT TRAINING MODEL: EFFECTIVENESS IN IMPROVING CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Adnan Juang — 2026-08-25

Cardiovascular fitness is an important component of physical fitness that supports health and physical activity performance among elementary school students. However, routine physical activity in physical education classes does not always provide a structured and progressive training stimulus to improve cardiorespiratory capacity. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a circuit training model in improving cardiovascular fitness among elementary school students. A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design was employed. Sixty fifth-grade elementary school students aged 10–11 years participated in the study and were assigned to an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). The experimental group participated in a 12-week circuit training program conducted three times per week, whereas the control group continued regular school-based physical activities. Cardiovascular fitness was assessed before and after the intervention using the 20-m multistage shuttle run test, also known as the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a mixed-design analysis of variance with a significance level of ? = 0.05. The results showed that the experimental group achieved a greater improvement in MFT performance than the control group. A significant time-by-group interaction was observed (p < 0.001), with the effect size indicating a practically meaningful impact of the intervention on cardiovascular fitness. These findings indicate that a 12-week structured circuit training program is effective in improving cardiovascular fitness among elementary school students and may serve as a practical and progressive alternative for physical education programs in school settings.

ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING OF THE 2025 PENCAK SILAT COMPETITION REGULATIONS OF KABUPATEN BUNGO PENCAK SILAT REFEREES AND JUDGES

Ahmad Khaeroni — 2026-08-25

The National Pencak Silat Competition Regulations (PPPSN 2025) require referees and judges to adjust their understanding of competition rules, arts category (TGR), violations, and decision-making authority. These regulatory changes have the potential to lead to differing interpretations, particularly among referees and judges who are still accustomed to the previous regulations. Therefore, mastery of the 2025 PPPSN is a crucial component of referee and judges competency, ensuring the proper, uniform, and consistent application of the rules in competitions. This study aims to assess the level of understanding of Pencak Silat referees and judges in Kabupaten Bungo regarding the Pencak Silat Competition Regulations (PPPSN 2025). The study used a quantitative descriptive approach with a survey method. The research sample consisted of 13 active referees and judges in Kabupaten Bungo, determined through a total sampling technique. The research instrument was a 30-item objective test that had been validated and covered three main aspects: the match category, the arts category (TGR), and violations and the authority of the referee-judges. Data were analyzed using descriptive percentage statistics. The results showed that the average level of understanding of respondents was in the Very Good category with an achievement of 84.60%. Specifically, understanding in the match category reached 86.90%, the arts category (TGR) 80.80%, and the authority of the referee-judges 93.80%. These findings indicate that the majority of referees and judges have a good understanding of the substance of the PPPSN 2025, although there were still variations in understanding, especially in the aspects of the arts category (TGR) and the details of certain violations. Factors suspected of influencing this situation include the limited availability of refresher courses specifically addressing changes from previous regulations to the PPPSN 2025 and the influence of the habitual use of the old rules. The study concluded that the competence of referees and judges in understanding the regulations in Kabupaten Bungo is already at a good level to support match implementation. However, regular socialization, refresher courses, and match simulations based on the PPPSN 2025 are needed to ensure uniform, adaptive, and consistent interpretation of the rules in the field, thereby maintaining sportsmanship and match integrity.

THE EFFECT OF LEARNING HOURS ON STUDENTS' MOTIVATION TO LEARN PHYSICAL SCIENCES AT STATE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 3 SEMARANG

Khamdu Latansa — 2026-08-31

The purpose of this study is to determine how weather factors, represented by class time variations, affect the desire of SMA Negeri 3 Semarang students to learn Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK). A comparative quantitative approach was used in this study. Two classes formed the population and sample of the research: class XI-1, which studied in the morning from 7:00 to 9:15, and class XI-5, which studied in the afternoon (09:30–11:45). The number of respondents sampled in this study was 36 students from class XI-1 and 36 students from class XI-5. Data collection was carried out using a Likert scale questionnaire instrument containing 30 items, distributed via Google Forms and completed using the students' respective devices. The results of the percentage data analysis showed that class XI-1 had an average learning motivation score of 71.64%, while class XI-5 had an average score of 71.89%. This study established that if the p-value is above 0.05, the null hypothesis (Ho) is accepted; if the p-value is below 0.05, Ho is rejected. The significance value (Sig(2-tailed)) of 0.824, which is above the p-value of 0.05, demonstrates the acceptance of Ho and the rejection of Ha. This indicates that weather does not affect the increase in students' desire to engage in Physical Education at SMAN 3 Semarang. The conclusion of this study shows that the hot weather during the late morning hours in Semarang City does not significantly decrease student learning motivation. This indicates that extrinsic motivation from the weather can be offset by an appropriate pedagogical approach during the learning process.